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Halakha requires that secondary rules be placed around the primary law, to reduce the chance that the main law will be broken. As such, it is common Jewish practice to restrict the use of the word Adonai to prayer only. In conversation, many Jewish people, even when not speaking Hebrew, will call God “Hashem“, השם, which is Hebrew for “the Name” (this appears in Leviticus 24:11).

Many Jews extend this prohibition to some of the other names  and will add additional sounds to alter the pronunciation of a name when using it outside of a liturgical context, such as replacing the ‘h’ with a ‘k’ in names of God such as ‘kel’ and ‘elokim’.

While other names of God in Judaism are generally restricted to use in a liturgical context, Hashem is used in more casual circumstances.

Hashem is used by Orthodox Jews so as to avoid saying Adonai outside of a ritual context. For example, when some Orthodox Jews make audio recordings of prayer services, they generally substitute Hashem for Adonai; others will say Amonai. On some occasions, similar sounds are used for authenticity, as in the movie Ushpizin, where Abonai Elokenu  is used throughout.

Messiah
In Hebrew: mashiah

In all the thirty-nine instances of its occurring in the Old Testament, is translated by the LXX. [Septuagint] “Christos”
It means anointed. Thus priests (Ex. 28:41; 40:15; Num. 3:3), prophets (1 Kings 19:16), and kings (1 Sam. 9:16; 16:3; 2 Sam. 12:7) were anointed with oil, and so consecrated to their respective offices.

The great Messiah is anointed “above his fellows” (Ps. 45:7); i.e., he embraces in himself all the three offices.
The Greek form “Messias” is only twice used in the New Testament, in John 1:41 and 4:25 (R.V., “Messiah”), and in the Old Testament the word Messiah, as the rendering of the Hebrew, occurs only twice (Dan 9:25,26; R.V., “the anointed one”).

The first great promise (Gen. 3:15) contains in it the germ of all the prophecies recorded in the Old Testament regarding the coming of the Messiah and the great work he was to accomplish on earth.

The prophecies became more definite and fuller as the ages rolled on; the light shone more and more unto the perfect day. Different periods of prophetic revelation have been pointed out:

1. the patriarchal
2. the Mosaic
3. the period of David
4. the period of prophetism, i.e., of those prophets whose works form a part of the Old Testament canon.

The expectations of the Jews were thus kept alive from generation to generation, till the “fulness of the times,” when Messiah came, “made of a woman, made under the law, to redeem them that were under the law.” In him all these ancient prophecies have their fulfilment. Jesus of Nazareth is the Messiah, the great Deliverer who was to come.

(Compare Matt. 26:54; Mark 9:12; Luke 18:31; 22:37; John 5:39; Acts 2; 16:31; 26:22,23.)

Author: Matthew G. Easton.